Sources
Pew Research Center, Public Trust in Government: 1958 – 2019, Apr 11, 2019, https://www.people-press.org/2019/04/11/public-trust-in-government-1958-2019/, accessed Dec 1, 2019
Christopher Ingraham, “What 60 years of political gerrymandering looks like”, Washington Post, May 21, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/05/21/what-60-years-of-political-gerrymandering-looks-like/, accessed Oct 28, 2019
Brennan Center for Justice, “New Voting Restrictions in America”, Nov 19, 2019, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/new-voting-restrictions-america, accessed Dec 5, 2019
Katherine M. Gehl and Michael E. Porter, Why Competition in the Politics Industry is Failing America, Harvard Business School, Sep 2017, https://www.hbs.edu/competitiveness/Documents/why-competition-in-the-politics-industry-is-failing-america.pdf, downloaded Sep 7, 2019
Jeremy Gruber, Michael A. Hardy, Harry Kresky, Let all voters vote: independents and the expansion of voting rights in the United States, Touro Law Review, Vol. 35 : No. 2 , Article 4, Jul 9, 2019, https://digitalcommons.tourolaw.edu/lawreview/vol35/iss2/4, accessed Aug 18, 2019.
Gallup, “Party Affiilation”, updated Sep 2019, https://news.gallup.com/poll/15370/party-affiliation.aspx, accessed Oct 28,2019
Pew Research Center, Political Independents: Who They Are, What They Think, Mar 14, 2019, https://www.people-press.org/2019/03/14/political-independents-who-they-are-what-they-think/, accessed Oct 28, 2019
Gustavo Lopez, Antonio Flores, “Dislike of candidates or campaign issues was most common reason for not voting in 2016”, Pew Research Center, Jun 1, 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/01/dislike-of-candidates-or-campaign-issues-was-most-common-reason-for-not-voting-in-2016/, accessed Aug 4, 2019
Jeffrey B. Lewis, Brandon DeVine, Lincoln Pitcher, and Kenneth C. Martis. (2013) Digital Boundary Definitions of United States Congressional Districts, 1789-2012. [Data file and code book]. Retrieved from http://cdmaps.polisci.ucla.edu on September 13, 2019.
Ballotpedia, “Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report, Volume 8, 2018”, updated Aug 27, 2018, https://ballotpedia.org/Annual_State_Legislative_Competitiveness_Report:_Vol._8,_2018, accessed Jul 23, 2019
Walter Olson, “Partisan Gerrymandering: Time to Get Serious About Remedies”, Cato Institute, Jun 27, 2019, https://www.cato.org/blog/partisan-gerrymandering-time-get-serious-about-remedies, Nov 18, 2019
Open Primaries, Petition drive, https://www.openprimaries.org/unrig-it-2020, accessed Jul 2019
David de la Fuente, “Kill Caucuses and Closed Primaries”, Third Way, Apr 9, 2019, https://www.thirdway.org/memo/kill-caucuses-and-closed-primaries, accessed Oct 28, 2019
Ballotpedia, “Closed Primary”, https://ballotpedia.org/Closed_primary, accessed Nov. 20, 2019
Matt Vasilogambros, “Polling Places Remain a Target Ahead of November Elections”, Pew Charitable Trusts, Sep 4, 2018, https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2018/09/04/polling-places-remain-a-target-ahead-of-november-elections, accessed Nov 25, 2019
Brennan Center for Justice, “Election 2016: Restrictive Voting Laws by the Numbers”, Sep 28, 2016, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/election-2016-restrictive-voting-laws-numbers#raceandvoting, Aug 2019
“We Cannot Resign Ourselves to Dismay and Disenfranchisement,” New York Times, Opinion By Stacey Abrams, May 15, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/opinion/stacey-abrams-voting.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share, accessed Jun 4, 2019.
National Conference of State Legislatures, “History of Voter ID”, May 31, 2017, https://perma.cc/2MSV-TREU, accessed Sep 2019
US Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, No. 16-1468, Jun 21, 2016, pg. 11, https://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/Opinions/Published/161468.P.pdf, downloaded Dec 1, 2019
“Rigged: How Voter Suppression Threw Wisconsin to Trump,” Ari Berman, Mother Jones, November/December 2017, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/10/voter-suppression-wisconsin-election-2016, accessed on Jul 21, 2019
Salvador Rizzo, “Hillary Clinton’s claims about voter suppression in Georgia and Wisconsin”, Washington Post, Mar 9, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/06/hillary-clintons-claims-about-voter-suppression-georgia-wisconsin/, accessed Dec 3, 2019
Angela Caputo, Geoff Hing, Johnny Kauffman, “They Didn’t Vote … Now They Can’t”, American Public Media, Oct 19, 2018, https://www.apmreports.org/story/2018/10/19/georgia-voter-purge, accessed Oct 13, 2019
Kevin Morris, “Voter Purge Rates Remain High, Analysis Finds”, Brennan Center for Justice, Aug 1, 2019, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/voter-purge-rates-remain-high-analysis-finds, accessed on September 11, 2019
Katie Sanders & Politifact, “Florida voters mistakenly purged in 2000”, Tampa Bay Times, Jun 14, 2012, https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/florida-voters-mistakenly-purged-in-2000/1235456/, accessed Nov 24, 2019
Leadership Conference Education Fund, Democracy Diverted, Sep 2019, https://civilrights.org/democracy-diverted/, PDF downloaded Dec 2, 2019
Chris McGreal, “Dodge City polling place debacle: voter suppression or incompetence?”, The Guardian, Oct 28, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/28/dodge-city-polling-place-voter-suppression-voting-rights, accessed Nov 24, 2019
Ari Berman, “The GOP’s Attack on Voters Rights Was the Most Under-Covered Story of 2016”, The Nation, Nov 9, 2016, https://www.thenation.com/article/the-gops-attack-on-voting-rights-was-the-most-under-covered-story-of-2016/ , accessed on Sep 4, 2019
Paul Gronke and others, “Convenience Voting”, Annual Review for Political Science 11 (19) (2008): 437–455, http://people.reed.edu/~gronkep/docs/Gronke2008-Convenience_Voting.pdf, accessed on Sep 17, 2019
Vann R. Newkirk II, “What Early Voting in North Carolina Actually Reveals”, The Atlantic, Published Nov 8, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/11/north-carolina-early-voting/506963/, accessed Jul 14, 2019
Brian Miller, “The Bureaucracy of Voter Registration Prevents Millions from Voting”, Nonprofitvote.org, May 5, 2019, https://www.nonprofitvote.org/bureaucracy-voter-registration-prevents-millions-voting/ , accessed on Oct 1, 2019
U.S. Census Bureau, “Voting in America: A Look at the 2016 Presidential Election,” published May 10, 2017, https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2017/05/voting_in_america.html, accessed Jul 25, 2019
Danielle Root, Aadam Barclay, “Voter Suppression During the 2018 Midterm Elections: A Comprehensive Survey of Voter Suppression and Other Election Day Problems”, Center for American Progress, Nov 20, 2018, downloaded from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2018/11/20/461296/voter-suppression-2018-midterm-elections/, accessed Jul 28, 2019
Ely Portillo, Jim Morrill, “Bladen County operative at center of NC election fraud investigation indicted, arrested”, The Charlotte Observer, Feb 27, 2019, https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/article226864674.html, accessed Dec 2, 2019
Brennan Center for Justice, “Voting Machines & Ballot Design”, https://www.brennancenter.org/issues/defend-our-elections/election-security/voting-machines-infrastructure, accessed Jul 7, 2019
Jack Gillum, Jessica Huseman, “The Overlooked Weak Link in Election Security”, ProPublica Electionland, Sep 14, 2018, https://www.propublica.org/article/the-overlooked-weak-link-in-election-security, accessed Aug 11, 2019
Karen Hobert Flynn, “As Hackers Target U.S. Voting Machines, We Need Leaders Who’ll Put Country Over Party”, Common Cause, Jul 27, 2017, https://www.justsecurity.org/43619/hackers-target-u-s-voting-machines-leaders-wholl-put-country-party/, accessed Aug 18, 2019
Ellen L. Weintraub, “Foreign spending in our elections isn’t trivial”, Washington Post, Jun 20, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/foreign-spending-in-our-elections-is-a-threat-to-our-national-sovereignty/2019/06/20/80ecb2a8-9372-11e9-b58a-a6a9afaa0e3e_story.html, accessed on Aug 14, 2019
David Hawkings, “A small burst of bipartisan Hill activity to combat election hacking”, The Fulcrum, Jul 18, 2019, https://thefulcrum.us/voting/election-hacking-senate?utm_source=The+Fulcrum&utm_campaign=f3dfe8be68-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_07_18_07_12&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_083501d5a2-f3dfe8be68-309850137, accessed Aug 4, 2019
Elaine Kamarck, “A short history of campaign dirty tricks before Twitter and Facebook”, Brookings, Jul 11, 2019, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2019/07/11/a-short-history-of-campaign-dirty-tricks-before-twitter-and-facebook/, accessed Aug 17, 2019
EqualCitizens.US, “Equal Votes: Our Fight to Fix the Electoral College”, https://equalcitizens.us/equal-votes/, accessed Jul 19, 2019
Ronald Brownstein, “Small states are getting a much bigger say in who gets on Supreme Court”, CNN Politics, Jul 10, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/10/politics/small-states-supreme-court/index.html, accessed on Sep 30, 2019
Editorial Board, “America Needs a Bigger House”, New York Times, Nov 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/09/opinion/expanded-house-representatives-size.html, accessed on Jul 28, 2019
Ballotpedia, “State legislative chambers that use multi-member districts,” https://ballotpedia.org/State_legislative_chambers_that_use_multi-member_districts, accessed Sep 5, 2019
Editorial Board, “A Congress for Every American — One way to improve the ‘People’s House’: elect multiple members per district”, New York Times, Nov 10, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/10/opinion/house-representatives-size-multi-member.html , accessed on Oct 1, 2019
Dan Hopkins, “What We Know About Voter ID Laws”, FiveThirtyEight, Aug 21, 2019, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-we-know-about-voter-id-laws/, accessed Sep 18, 2019
Tom Burt, “A paperless record for every vote: It’s time for Congress to act”, Roll Call, Jun 7, 2019, https://www.rollcall.com/news/opinion/paper-record-every-voter-time-congress-act, accessed Sep 19, 2019
Frances Moore Lappe, Adam Eichen, Daring Democracy: Igniting Power, Meaning and Connection for the America We Want, Boston: Beacon Press, 2017
Andy Barr, “The GOP’s no compromise pledge”, Politico, Oct 28, 2010, https://www.politico.com/story/2010/10/the-gops-no-compromise-pledge-044311, accessed Dec 4, 2019
Sue Halpern, “Mitch McConnell is Making the 2020 Election Open Season for Hackers”, The New Yorker, Jun 11, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/mitch-mcconnell-is-making-the-2020-election-open-season-for-hackers, accessed Jul 11, 2019
David Daley, “How to Get Away With Gerrymandering,” Slate, Oct 2, 2019, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/10/alec-meeting-gerrymandering-audio-recording.html, accessed Oct 3, 2019
Laura Royden, Michael Li, “Extreme Maps”, Brennan Center for Justice, 2017, https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/Extreme%20Maps%205.16_0.pdf, downloaded Oct 3, 2019
Steven Levitsky, Daniel Ziblatt, “Why Republicans Play Dirty”, New York Times, Sep 20, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/opinion/republicans-democracy-play-dirty.html, accessed on Oct 2, 2019
Martin Gilens, Benjamin I. Page, “Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens,” Perspectives on Politics, American Political Science Association, 2014, https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/mgilens/files/gilens_and_page_2014_-testing_theories_of_american_politics.doc.pdf, downloaded Sep 7, 2019
Office of the Historian, “The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)”, US Dept. of State, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act, accessed Dec 5, 2019
Jens Manuel Krogstad, Luis Noe-bustamante, Antonio Flores, “Historic highs in 2018 voter turnout extended across racial and ethnic groups”, Pew Research Center, May 1, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/05/01/historic-highs-in-2018-voter-turnout-extended-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups/, accessed Dec 5, 2019
Brennan Center for Justice, “Resources on Voter Fraud Claims”, Jun 26, 2017, https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/resources-voter-fraud-claims, accessed Sep 29, 2019
Heritage Foundation, “A Sampling of Election Fraud Cases From Across the Country”, https://www.heritage.org/sites/default/files/voterfraud_download/VoterFraudCases_5.pdf, downloaded Sep 29, 2019
Rudy Mehrbani, “Heritage Fraud Database: An Assessment”, Brennan Center for Justice, Sep 8, 2017, https://www.brennancenter.org/publication/heritage-fraud-database-assessment on Sep 29, 2019
Contributors: George Linzer, Michael Deal
Reviewed by: Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress
Published: December 5, 2019
Updated: March 5, 2020
Related Pages
Expansion of Voting Rights Storyline
The right to vote in America is a fundamental democratic liberty – it is one of those rights that we fight wars to defend. Yet, when the nation was founded, voting was almost exclusively reserved for propertied white men. Since then, voting rights have slowly grown more inclusive, expanding to an ever broader cross-section of the American public, but this progress has almost always been hard won.
Progress Updates
Florida, Texas Latest to Propose Anti-Protest Legislation
Florida and Texas governors magnify disturbances at mostly peaceful protests to propose harsh anti-protest legislation that could strip protesters of their right to vote.
Tennessee Law Could Disenfranchise Protestors
A new Tennessee law makes camping on state property, among other protest-related offenses, a felony. In Tennessee, people convicted of felonies lose the right to vote.
Voters Should Expect Shorter Lines, Faster Vote Counting for November Election
Voters should expect more to go right on Election Day as election officials learn from mistakes made in the primaries.